The Christian Commonwealth Book Summary
In the turbulent years of 17th-century colonial America, John Eliot, a dedicated Puritan missionary known as the "Apostle to the Indians," penned a groundbreaking work that blended theology, politics, and missionary zeal. The Christian Commonwealth: or, The Civil Policy Of The Rising Kingdom of Jesus Christ, originally drafted in the late 1640s and published in England in 1659, stands as one of the earliest American treatises on political theory. Eliot, who arrived in New England in 1631 and spent decades evangelizing Algonquian tribes, drew from his experiences establishing "Praying Towns"—self-governing communities for converted Native Americans—to propose a radical blueprint for civil government rooted in biblical principles.
At its core, the book advocates for an elected theocracy, where civil authority is derived directly from Scripture, particularly the model outlined in Exodus 18. In this Old Testament passage, Moses organizes the Israelites under a hierarchical system of rulers: leaders over groups of 10, 50, 100, and 1,000, all under divine guidance. Eliot adapted this structure for the Christianized tribes he worked with, creating a scalable, decentralized governance that emphasized moral accountability and communal harmony. He extended this vision beyond the colonies, boldly asserting that "Christ is the only right Heir of the Crown of England" and calling for nations worldwide to crown Jesus as their sovereign. Written with a sense of millennial urgency—Eliot believed the end times were near—the text urges believers to reform society into a "rising kingdom" governed by God's laws, blending Old Testament precedents with New Testament teachings on Christ's lordship.
Eliot's preface is particularly provocative, positioning the work as a call to action amid England's political upheaval following Oliver Cromwell's death. He envisioned a society free from monarchical tyranny, where elected officials serve under Christ's ultimate authority, fostering justice, piety, and unity. This wasn't mere theory; Eliot had already implemented elements of it in Massachusetts' Praying Towns, where Native converts lived in organized, Bible-based communities. The book reflects his missionary insight, teaching readers how to build a commonwealth that honors divine wisdom in both joyful prosperity and challenging trials.
Historically, The Christian Commonwealth holds a unique place: it's considered the first book on politics authored by an American and, ironically, the first to be banned by a North American government. Published just before Charles II's restoration to the throne in 1660, its anti-monarchical tones alarmed colonial authorities fearful of royal reprisal. In 1661, the Massachusetts General Court compelled Eliot to publicly retract his views, apologize, and oversee the destruction of all copies—a stark reminder of the era's fragile religious and political freedoms.
Today, Eliot's work offers fascinating insights into Puritan thought, colonial experimentation, and the intersection of faith and governance. If you're intrigued by early American history or biblical models of leadership, this rare gem is worth exploring.
The Christian Commonwealth
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Chapter 1: The Coming Kingdom and the Call to Scriptural Governance
To the Chosen, Holy, and Faithful, who fight the Lord's battles against Antichrist in Great Britain; and to all the saints, faithful brethren, and Christian people of the Commonwealth of England: Grace and mercy, with peace and truth be multiplied, through Jesus Christ our sovereign Lord and King.
Ever honored and beloved in Christ,
The recent major changes in Great Britain and Ireland have left most people in shock. The dark and confusing clouds that have spread over the whole land have made it hard to see how God's plans are unfolding as Christ comes to establish His Kingdom. Those whose eyes the Lord has begun to open can see Christ coming in power and great glory, as He promised. They also see another part of His word coming true: that Christ's coming is in the clouds of darkness. Because of this, it takes a long time for everyone to see Him or believe that it is He who is coming. However, later on, they will understand that even those clouds were necessary for a time to hide the bright appearance of His plan.
Recently, I read a book called "A Plea for Non-subscribers," which discusses the reasons and beliefs of many ministers from Cheshire and Lancashire, among other places. Although I had previously heard about the unfortunate disagreements, divisions, and dissatisfaction among the people of the Lord, my heart was deeply troubled to see such precious, holy men pleading (as they believe) for God with a pure and sincere conscience. Yet, in doing so, they strongly speak against the glorious work of the Lord Jesus in overthrowing Antichrist and establishing His own Kingdom, as foretold in Scripture and now being fulfilled. They also speak strongly and sharply against those whom the Lord has chosen to use as His instruments in accomplishing this work.
On the other hand, the writings that this book responds to have so misunderstood the principles on which the cause stands, which should satisfy the consciences of those who oppose, that the responders clearly have the upper hand in many things. Therefore, they stand firm in what they believe to be a right cause and weaken those who actually have a right cause, to the point that this difference is greatly increased and intensified.
Even though I am the least qualified of all people to speak to such learned, serious, holy, and distinguished individuals, who surpass me in every way for the Lord's work and in a cause so much greater than myself, I felt compelled in my spirit to boldly present to them what I believe to be the true state of the cause. I hope that, with God's blessing, it may satisfy them when they see that those in whose hands the Lord has, to the amazement of many, placed power, are following the Lord and fulfilling His Word. They aim to achieve His purposes and plans, denying themselves to elevate Christ Jesus to the throne and let Him reign over them. The prayers, expectations, and faith of the saints, rooted in the prophecies and promises of holy Scripture, are constantly reaching the Lord's ears, calling for the downfall of Antichrist and, with him, all human powers, governments, and authorities. In their place, we await the coming of the Kingdom of the Lord Jesus, who, through His divine wisdom, power, government, and laws given to us (though largely sealed until now) in the holy Scriptures, will reign over all nations of the earth in His due time. I mean that the Lord Jesus will bring all people to be governed by the institutions, laws, and directions of the Word of God, not only in church government and practices but also in the governance and administration of all matters in the commonwealth. Christ reigns when everything among people is done according to the direction of His Word. His kingdom is present among us when His will is done on earth as it is in heaven (Matt. 6:10), where no human or angelic policy or wisdom guides anything, but all is done by divine direction; and so it shall be on earth when and where Christ reigns.
It is prophesied in Daniel 2:34-35, "You watched while a stone was cut out without hands, which struck the image on its feet of iron and clay, and broke them in pieces. Then the iron, the clay, the bronze, the silver, and the gold were crushed together, and became like chaff from the summer threshing floors; the wind carried them away so that no trace of them was found. And the stone that struck the image became a great mountain and filled the whole earth." This prophecy clearly shows the points mentioned earlier: it summarizes all the monarchies, governments, and political systems of men who have had their human glory in this world. The last and strongest of these dominions is the Roman Empire, which is so mixed and intertwined in many states by combining that corrupt Roman religion with civil powers. When that stone, Christ, through His faithful followers, overthrows and breaks that religion into pieces, they must and will, as it is written, also bring down the strongest iron sinews of civil states, which are defenders and supporters of it, whether openly or secretly.
Yes, moreover, when Christ, that stone, through his chosen instruments, shatters all the Roman Catholic religion and the civil states that are intertwined with it and support it (even though they don't care much for it, they support it for their own purposes), then the whole image will come crashing down from top to bottom. All dominions and governments created by human policy, forms of government, and laws everywhere will fall in God's order and time. Their fall will be so complete that, although they were once a terror to people, they will now be light and contemptible, worth no more than dust or chaff. This is because divine institutions, both of government and laws, will take the place of human ones, and they will be overshadowed, just like stars are by the rising sun. In their place will arise the government of the Lord Jesus, who will order all affairs among people by the Word of his mouth, written in the holy Scriptures. And great will be his dominion, for the stone, Christ, will grow to be a mountain filling the whole earth, with all people submitting to be ruled by the Word in civil, as well as church affairs.
Now it seems to me that the Lord Christ is now accomplishing these things in Great Britain. The faithful brothers in Scotland gave the first blow to the dirty toes and feet of this image; with whom the faithful brothers in England immediately joined. But the iron of the civil state was so tightly bound to the miry clay that, according to the Word of Christ, they have both fallen together beyond all human expectation; they have fallen, they have fallen, they have both fallen together. Oh, that men would therefore praise the Lord for His faithful word and goodness; for His mercy endures forever! And all His faithful word shall be accomplished. Amen, amen.
There are many other prophecies in the Holy Scriptures about these things (as the saints well know). I will not attempt to apply them to what is happening now in England, as that would be more suitable for a full treatise rather than a preface. Indeed, some prophecies, as I understand, describe what is happening now more specifically. However, I will not mention them, hoping that others will do so as the Lord sees fit to reveal that understanding.
Now, since these things are true, it is very important for the holy and faithful followers of the Lord, who have been used by Him to accomplish these great and glorious works—whether through councils, wars, or other means—to be wise and understand the times. They need to know what Israel should do in this great task of bringing the Kingdom to David and placing the government on his shoulders, so that after all these clouds and storms, the peaceful Kingdom of Christ may rise, and the Lord may reign in England. Much is said about the rightful heir to the Crown of England and the injustice of removing the rightful heir. But Christ is the only rightful heir of the Crown of England and of all other nations as well. He has now come to take possession of His Kingdom, making England the first in this blessed work of establishing the Kingdom of the Lord Jesus. To achieve this, He has brought down not only the corrupt religion and government of Antichrist but also the previous form of civil government, which was so closely tied to it that it fell with it out of necessity. While it stood, it was too proud to submit to the Lord Jesus and be ruled by His command. Now, with these preparations made by the power of the Lord Jesus to establish His Kingdom in England, He calls upon those worthy individuals entrusted with managing this great work to advance Christ, not man; not themselves, but Christ. Doing this removes the heavy accusations of taking authority for themselves and claiming the inheritance for themselves—God forbid, God forbid, that we should think so unworthily, so unchristianly, so dishonorably of such renowned servants of the Lord, who have so graciously and humbly given all glory to the Lord for their victories. It would be unthinkable for them to rob Him of His crown, dominion, and government, which setting up in England has been the goal of all these recent great works of God. If it is not yet done, it is either because the Lord has not fully revealed to them what His will is in the midst of these confusions, or because the unsettled times do not allow them to pursue it.
What the Lord is now calling England to focus on is not to explore human political systems and government structures created by human wisdom. Instead, as the Lord has guided their works, they should turn to the Lord and seek guidance from His Word about what form of government He has commanded and prescribed. They should humble themselves to accept that as the best, no matter how simple it may seem to human wisdom. Faith can see beauty, power, and glory in any divine institution, even when human wisdom might consider it weak and insignificant.
There is definitely a form of civil government established by God himself in the Holy Scriptures, through which any nation can achieve all the goals and benefits of government in the best way, if they would only be convinced to try it. We would undermine the sufficiency and perfection of the Scriptures if we denied this. The Scripture is fully capable of equipping the man of God (whether a magistrate in the commonwealth, an elder in the church, or anyone else) for every good work (2 Tim. 3:17).
And when a Christian people are to choose their government, should they take their pattern from the nations of the world, we know what an offense that would be to Christ, who intends to rule them Himself, by His own divine pattern and direction. Christ is now about to ruin the Roman image; therefore, it is wise to look above all such patterns to find a divine platform, taught by God Himself, which He will delight to bless for those who submit to it.
If there is a divine way of setting up civil government that fits England, I believe all the godly people in the land would choose that form of government over any other in the world. Every divine institution comes with a divine blessing. God is more clearly present, ruling through it, and the Spirit of God breathes into and blesses every institution of the Word, making it more powerful and effective in achieving its purpose than any human ordinance and institution in the world can do. God's promise of blessing and protection is for all who follow Scripture-based ways and ordinances. Furthermore, the uncomfortable disagreements among God's people about changing the government in England would be resolved, bringing everything to a holy peace. Everyone would willingly agree that the Lord Jesus should take the sovereignty to appoint the government over them and would eagerly accept the way in which the Lord himself would reign in England.
I think it's necessary to include this word of apology for myself: It pleased the Lord, in His free mercy to me (as I am in no way naturally suited for such a task), to lead me to instruct our poor, blind, and dark Indians in the good knowledge of the Lord. When they, through grace, tasted the knowledge of God, of themselves, of Christ, and redemption through Him, they wanted to leave their wild and scattered way of life and come under civil government and order. This led me to search for the Lord's will in this matter. I made this solemn vow to the Lord concerning them: since they were a people without any form of government and now needed to choose, I would do my utmost to bring them under the government of the Lord only. Specifically, I would teach them to embrace such government, both civil and ecclesiastical, as the Lord has commanded in the holy Scriptures, and to derive all their laws from the holy Scriptures, so they may be the Lord's people, ruled by Him alone in all things. Through grace, they have begun to do this, covenanting with the Lord on a day of fasting and prayer to be the Lord's people and to accept the form of government they learned to be a divine institution in the holy Scriptures. This situation first led me to this study, though I am no statesman nor familiar with matters of that nature, but only spend my time studying the holy Book of God. However, with the Lord's help, I have collected this following form of government from the holy Scripture. Seeing the excellent harmony and order of it, with the various courts gradually ascending one above another, and all cases among the people coming under such a certain and orderly way of receiving a speedy resolution, and all appeals having such a free and unbiased passage in their gradual ascent, even to the highest and final determination, these and other things made me think that it is a most desirable and peaceful form of government, suitable for any Christian people who respect the Word of God. Indeed, the more eminent and Christian they are, the more suitable it is for them.
Especially considering that, although the simple structure of tens, fifties, hundreds, and thousands might have limited capacity in large commonwealths and populous cities, the higher levels of organization—like ten thousands, fifty thousands, hundred thousands, and million—are extremely comprehensive. They can extend governance to the largest populations with a certain and peaceful order, without any interference or confusion, allowing for swift justice and resolution of all matters. It seems to me to be the most excellent form of government that has ever existed in the world. Moreover, above all considerations and commendations, it is a divine institution, originating from heavenly wisdom as commanded in Scripture, filled with the Spirit of God. This Spirit can drive the mechanisms of this government with an irresistible and successful force and power, achieving all the purposes of governance among people most effectively. Indeed, it seems to me that this is the form of government by which Christ intends to rule all the nations on earth according to the Scriptures. Furthermore, I believe that repentant and believing Israel and Judah will serve and obey Christ through this form of civil government. And who knows, perhaps our obedience to this might hasten and further their return?
I don't want to go beyond humble modesty, but let me take the chance to share a further thought about the divine and heavenly excellence of this Government of the Lord. Specifically, that the Angels of Heaven are governed by this order of Government, as it applies to their condition. It's beyond doubt that there is a heavenly order among the Angels (not a court system like ours). Just as Hell is a place of chaos, Heaven is a place of order. If God is a God of order in the Church, making it beautiful, then Heaven is even more beautiful with a heavenly order of the Church residing there. If Solomon's Court was glorious because of its order and attendants, then Heaven is in excellent order, with all the Angels, the holy attendants of God's Throne, serving in a proper order. If Solomon's Court's order was a result of his great wisdom, can we not believe that the infinite wisdom of God, attended by Angels, Spirits of such amazing wisdom, would be attended in a most glorious order, with his attendants beautifully organized in a heavenly order? Therefore, there is a heavenly order among them. This order of tens, hundreds, thousands, etc., appears in several Scriptures, where they are mentioned in this order. It's notable that their number is so great that they aren't mentioned individually; the lowest I've observed is Myriads of Angels (Heb. 12:22). The Saints will find them ordered this way when they reach Heaven. They are also mentioned by the highest degree of the Superior order, thousands of thousands, and by a Supreme order, Myriads of Myriads (Rev. 5:11), which I call Supreme because it's the highest mentioned in Scripture. Whether that's the highest order of Angels isn't revealed to my knowledge, but it seems to me that the Angels are in this order of Government. Similarly, the Saints in Heaven seem to be in the same order. When Christ comes to judgment with all the Saints (1 Thess. 4:13), they will come in this order, as Jude verse 14 says, "With Myriads of his Saints, behold the Lord cometh."
Now if this is the order of government in heaven, what a heaven on earth it will be when all the kingdoms and nations on the earth are ruled this way! Then God's will shall be done on earth as it is in heaven, when He reigns over people on earth in the same order of government as He does in heaven.
Let me be bold once more to suggest another thought, with respect to wiser opinions, just as I did before, based on the text (Dan. 7:10). This passage describes God's judgment on the Antichrist. Many things could be shown from the context to prove that it is not the final judgment being spoken of. The means of executing that judgment is through the Wars of the Lamb, the Lord Jesus, as seen in the Book of Revelation. The people carrying out these Wars, according to this text, seem to be a group governed by this order of Government. If this is the case, could it shed some light on identifying the ten kings who will hate the Whore, make her desolate and naked, eat her flesh, and burn her with fire?
Considering these things about the excellence of this form of government, especially its divine nature, and now, through a wonderful work of God, England is in a position to choose a new government. The nation is deeply troubled about the big question of where to find peace; some argue against getting rid of the kingly government, others are unhappy with the current one, and everyone is waiting to see what the outcome will be. Since no human form of government seems quiet and safe to settle on for peace and tranquility, all hearts are troubled, looking up to heaven for guidance on what to do and where to find rest and peace for the land. Because of this, everyone is ready to accept any help or advice from the Lord; and when they are tired of disagreements, they will gladly come together to open the door for the Lord Jesus to give them rest. He has been knocking at the door through these troubling times so that His government might be gladly accepted by all, and He can enter freely and peacefully to begin His blessed and long-awaited reign over the nations of the earth, as prophesied in the Holy Scriptures.
Therefore, in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, the King of Saints (whose Kingdom I want to promote with all my strength and heart), I ask those chosen, holy, and faithful Saints, who have fought the Lord's battles against Antichrist through councils at home or wars in the field, and have carried on the cause of Christ until now, that you would now place the crown of England on the head of Christ, whose only true inheritance it is, by the gift of his Father. Let him be your judge, let him be your law-giver, let him be your king! Take the pattern and form of your government from the word of his mouth, which will have power over the consciences of all the people of the land, and bring all differences about that point into a sweet harmony of obedience and submission to Christ our Lord and King, with one heart and agreement. It will unite all the people with one heart and effort to promote the plans of Christ, and yours as well, when they see that your plans are not for yourselves, but for the Lord, to complete all the remaining great works of the Lord, even until Antichrist is destroyed, the throne of the beast is burned with fire, and the kingdom of the Lord Jesus is established in many nations.
You blessed ones of the Lord, who have so greatly, beyond the usual way of conquerors, humbled and lowered yourselves, seeing yourselves as nothing in the work, and have given all the praise and glory of your brave achievements to the Lord Jesus, whom you always saw fighting for you by faith, and (to your amazement) winning the victory for you! You who have with a holy boldness of faith, made those dreadful appeals (unheard of in other stories) to the Lord Jesus, to witness to the sincerity of your cause and conscience by His own arm, and in all your difficulties have never found Him to fail you or forsake you; but still made you conquerors, not only of your enemies, but (which is more) of yourselves also, not to claim praise for yourselves; nor to use your victories beyond the limits of Christian patience and love towards the conquered; and all for the honor and glory of Christ, and His grace; so that His name and cause might find room and acceptance in the hearts of your enemies, whom you therefore treated like Christian brothers, and not like enemies.
Do such holy ones like you need convincing to place that crown on Christ's head, which he has given you the authority to bestow? Where can you make a better choice than to take the Lord as your King? And where can you find a better model of government than in the Word of God? And where can you find better laws than in the Holy Scriptures?
This following platform of government, I only recommend as far as you find it purely derived from the Holy Scriptures. It is the Holy Scriptures of God alone that I urge to be your only Magna Carta, by which you should be governed in all things; with this being the case, Christ is your King and Sovereign Law-giver, and you are His people ruled by Him in all things.
And you, my dear brothers, the faithful ministers of the Gospel of Christ, and all Christian brothers who do not yet see a reason to submit and accept this change; I urge you to consider the times and compare the prophecies of Scripture with the current events. See if you do not find everything happening as it is written, and recognize that these extraordinary events are supported by Scripture and should be taken seriously by the people of God. These are not acts of divine wrath upon either the Church or the world by sinful hands, who act on their own desires, even though they fulfill God's purposes. Instead, they are the outpouring of God's wrath upon Antichrist, for his destruction and the downfall of his kingdom, by the hands of holy saints, according to Christ's command. Christ himself is riding forth victoriously among them, accomplishing his great works, as written and foretold in the holy Scriptures. Shouldn't Queen Mary's rise to the throne with the help of the saints be remembered at this time? Or if not, now is the time to change governments and lay everything at the feet of Christ, so that he may reign and fill the earth with the glory of his government.
No oaths or covenants made by God's people go against Christ; instead, they support him and aim to advance his Kingdom. Therefore, if these significant changes lead to that goal, it is the true purpose and aim of those vows and promises. It would not be lawful to make such a vow or covenant focused on any person, family, or creature; that would be idolatry. It was not intended that way, nor is it now broken by removing all obstacles that stood in the way of achieving its true purpose, which is the advancement of the Lord Jesus and his Kingdom.
I urge you, therefore, to help advance this work, which Christ has given to those He has made prominent, in fulfilling the tasks of His glorious return, to establish His rule on earth. Do not lag behind in bringing Christ to the throne in England! You, the holy watchmen of the Lord, have given God no rest with your constant prayers for the fulfillment of what is now happening; continue to follow the Lord, and as Antichrist falls, along with anything else that stood in Christ's way, let Christ come in, and help advance the establishment of His Kingdom.
I am bold to present this Scripture-Platform of Government to the public (if advised to do so) at this time because I believe it to be a divine institution of civil government. It seems to me to be well-suited for the current condition of England, Scotland, Ireland, or any other religious people in the world who fear God's command and tremble at His word. I am convinced in my heart that it is the Lord's will for nations to be governed by Scripture-Institutions. The time has come for the Lord to shake the earth and bring down the great idol of human wisdom in governments, replacing it with Scripture-Government. It may please God to give acceptance to this humble beginning and move the hearts of the wise to pursue this design of Christ. They should more accurately search the Scriptures to discover God's perfect will on this matter, which is still in its early stages and dawning. Many things are still dim and dark; in the morning twilight, we cannot see far ahead or around us. But the rising sun, through grace, will bring greater light with Him.
For wholesome, just, and wise laws that any nation has already made, the wisdom of the Lord will guide His people to connect them to their Scripture principles. This will show their truth and fairness through the Word of God, revealing that they are derived from the Word of God. Therefore, those who are governed by these laws are governed by the Lord, and those who break them sin against the Lord by breaking His commandment and law.
It would be a task worthy of the efforts of the best theologians and the best of people to show how all the good and wise laws of England align with the Word of God. The results of this work would have wonderful effects, sanctifying the whole land, encouraging the rulers to govern more directly for the Lord, and leading the people to obey the Lord by obeying their governors. In this way, the Lord himself would reign over them.
My constant prayer in this matter, at the throne of grace, is that the Lord would clear away those dark clouds that obscure the minds of God's people in England, so they may see some rays of the brightness of Christ's coming to reign. I also pray that the Lord would unite their divided hearts, so they may come together with one mind and agreement, to make Christ their Lawgiver, Judge, and King, in whom alone they will find stability and true peace.
Amen.
Chapter 2: The Covenant Foundation: Submitting to God's Civil Rule
It is the commandment of the Lord that a people should enter into a covenant with the Lord to become His people, even in their civil society, as well as in their church society. By doing this, they submit themselves to be ruled by the Lord in all things, receiving from Him both the structure of their government and all their laws. When they do this, then Christ reigns over them in all things, as they are ruled by His will and by the word of His mouth.
The essence of this covenant, and their commitment to the Lord to be governed by Him in all things, is as follows. They humbly confess their natural corruption and lost state; they acknowledge God's free grace in their redemption through Christ and in the spreading of the Gospel to them, applying it effectively to their souls. Therefore, the Lord has shown His everlasting love to them and caused them, through faith, to dedicate themselves to Him, to be His forever, to love, serve, and obey Him in all His Word and commandments. Now, they outwardly and solemnly join with the rest of God's people to do the same in their civil society, receiving from the Lord both the framework of their civil government, as outlined (in its essentials) in the Holy Scriptures, and all their laws, which they resolve, through His grace, to derive from the Word of God, making that their only Magna Carta; and considering no law, statute, or judgment valid unless it appears to arise and flow from the Word of God.
Those who enter into or walk in this covenant with a strong faith perform every act of civil interaction among people by faith, in obedience to God, as long as they are free from temptation. It instructs that everyone who takes this covenant should do the same; if they don't, they are guilty of breaking the covenant before God. A willing submission to Christ in this covenant is a hopeful sign of some level of faith in Christ and love for God. It also serves as good preparation for a closer relationship with Christ in church fellowship and covenant. Someone willing to serve Christ through the civil aspects of the second table is somewhat prepared to serve Him through the religious aspects of the first table.
The child is implicitly included in the father's covenant, and the wife is explicitly included in her husband's, so much so that in her widowhood, she and her family are one, under the order of the government of God.
The specific form of government, which is approved by God and was established by Moses among the Israelites, and is beneficial for any nation or people who respect God's command and fear His Word, is this: they should choose for themselves rulers of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and tens, who will govern according to the pure, holy, righteous, perfect, and good Law of God, as written in the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament.
The forming of this platform of government, derived from the Scriptures, is as follows.
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